A comparative study of closed-form hydraulic conductivity prediction models     

Epaminondas Sidiropoulos  Stavros Yannopoulos 《Advances in water resources》1993,16(6)

The Mualem and the Burdine hydraulic conductivity prediction models are considered in combination with the van Genuchten analytical retention curve, as well as the Brooks and Corey prediction model. An equivalence is presented between the retention curves of these models. A comparative study follows between hydraulic conductivities that are based on equivalent retention curves. A unified presentation of prediction models provides a framework for the whole analysis. The treatment of the equivalence problem consists in a minimization procedure characterized by uncoupling of the parameters and analytical evaluation of the objective function. Exact analytical equivalence relations are given for significant parts of the parameter ranges, and, for the remaining parts, analytical approximations are proposed. The comparisons between hydraulic conductivities are carried out via an inequality analysis. It is shown that the hydraulic conductivity of the Burdine model is less than that of the other models for extended ranges of equivalent parameters.  相似文献   

Meanders caused by hyperconcentrated water flow: An example from the loess plateau,China     

Xu Jiongxin 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1993,18(8):687-702

This paper describes meandering alluvial rivers with mean annual suspended-sediment concentrations of more than 100 kgm^?3 on the Loess Plateau, China, and explains their formation as caused by the effect of hyperconcentrated water flow. When the river is dominated by hyperconcentrated flow, the rate of energy expenditure required for sediment transport declines significantly. Accordingly, the river channel adjusts itself to a lower channel gradient by increasing the river length, resulting in a meandering channel. Since the stable transportation of sediment by hyperconcentrated flow is dependent on river channel boundary conditions, the latter play an important role in the formation of meanders of this kind. The paper also discusses the conditions for the discrimination of meandering and braided rivers in this area.  相似文献   

利用区域双差层析成像方法研究川滇南部地壳结构特征          下载免费PDF全文

邓山泉  章文波  于湘伟  宋倩  王小娜 《地球物理学报》1954,63(10):3653-3668

本文联合使用云南、四川和贵州地震台网的85个地震台站在2008年1月—2017年12月期间记录的49130个地震、317366个初至Pg震相绝对到时数据和2674110条高精度的相对到时数据,采用区域双差地震层析成像方法联合反演了川滇南部地壳三维P波速度结构和39621个地震的震源参数,探究了川滇南部中下地壳流和腾冲火山区岩浆囊的分布特征.研究结果表明：（1）川滇南部上地壳的速度异常特征与地表地形密切相关;（2）小江断裂带的中下地壳存在一条绵延近二百多公里的低速异常结构,最南端受到红河断裂带的阻挡而终止于断裂带南段北侧,这可能是川滇南部的一条中下地壳流,低速异常结构在红河断裂带南段转而向南东流动反映了红河断裂带可能为川滇菱形块体的西南边界;（3）红河断裂带各段速度异常存在明显的差异,重定位后的震源分布显示红河断裂带中段和南段虽然不如北段地震活动强烈,但地震震源深度分布较北段深;（4）腾冲火山区西侧和北侧下方10~20 km深度范围内存在的低速异常体推测为通过怒江断裂带形成的岩浆通道从中地壳涌入上地壳的岩浆囊,可能反映了自更新世延续至今的以橄榄玄武岩和安山岩为主要岩性的壳内岩浆活动,持续的岩浆活动为地表热活动提供了主要动力.  相似文献   

压力及流体对岩石孔隙结构与黏弹性的影响规律研究:理论模型及实验观测          下载免费PDF全文

程卫  巴晶  马汝鹏  张琳 《地球物理学报》1954,63(12):4517-4527

地质成因和构造/热应力导致地壳岩石中的孔隙结构（裂隙和粒间孔）的变化.影响岩石黏弹性的因素包括压力、孔隙度、孔隙中包含的流体和孔隙几何形状等.相对于岩石中的硬孔隙,岩石黏弹性（衰减和频散）受软孔隙（裂隙）的影响更大.本文选取三块白云岩样本,进行了不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验测量.利用CPEM（Cracks and Pores Effective Medium,裂隙和孔隙有效介质）模型获得了岩石高、低频极限的弹性模量,并通过Zener体（标准线性体）模型将CPEM模型拓展到全频带而得到CPEM-Zener模型,用该模型拟合岩石松弛和非松弛状态下的实验数据,本文得到平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度以及纵波速度和品质因子随频率的变化关系.结果表明,饱水岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度均高于饱油岩石,随着压差（围压和孔隙压力的差值）的增加,饱油岩石中的裂隙首先闭合.并且压差在70 MPa以内时,随着压差增大,岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度在饱水和饱油时的差值增大,此时流体类型对于岩石裂隙的影响越来越显著,此外,对饱水岩石,平均裂隙纵横比随压差增加而增大,这可能是由于岩石中纵横比较小的裂隙会随压差增大而逐渐趋于闭合.在饱水和饱油岩石中,裂隙孔隙度和裂隙密度都随着压差增加而减小.通过对裂隙密度和压差的关系进行指数拟合,本文获得压差趋于0时的裂隙密度,且裂隙密度随孔隙度增大而增大,增大速率随压差增加而降低.针对饱水和饱油的白云岩样本,CPEM-Zener模型预测的纵波频散随压差增大而减小,此变化趋势和实验测得的逆品质因子随压差的变化关系基本一致,由此进一步验证了模型的实用性.本研究对岩石的孔隙结构和黏弹性分析以及声波测井、地震勘探的现场应用有指导意义.  相似文献   

NON-LINEAR CRITICAL LAYER IN EL NINO AND LA NINA YEARS AND FORMATION, MAINTENTENANCE AND OSCILLATION OF THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH     

陶丽  陆维松 《热带气象学报(英文版)》1999,5(2):113-122

Monthly mean zonal wind data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF)for December 1982, April 1983, October 1984 and ApriI 1985 are used in numerical integration as thebasic flow in a non-linear critical-layer model. The subtropical high is extensive and limited in number if simulated with the basic now in December 1982 and April 1983. It consists of 2 to 3 cells that move westward at alloscillatory periods of 1～2 months. The subtropical high, simulated with the basic flow in October 1984 and April1 985. is weak and small in coverage, or distributed in strips that contain up to 4 cells. The high. merged or spillover a short time. is moving westward. The years 1982 ～1983 are a process of EI Niño while the years 1984-1985one of La Niña. lt is known from the chart of energy flux that it oscillates by a much larger amplitude and longerperiod in the EI Niño year than in the La Niña year. All the results above have indicated that the basic flow in the EI Niño year is enhancing the subtropical high lagging by about 4 months and that in the La Niña year is decay'ing it. It is consiStent with the well-known observational fact that the SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacitlc ispositively correlated with the extent and intensity of the subtropical high in west Pacific lagging by 1～2 seasons.The result is also important for further study of the formation, maintenance and oscillation of the subtropicalhigh.  相似文献   

云南保山金鸡剖面丁家寨组及其古水温问题的讨论   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

周志澄  方宗杰  郭震宇  王玉净  肖荫文 《地层学杂志》1999,23(3):182-189,T002

保山金鸡剖面丁家寨组下部含砾层的双层结构特征与不同的地质作用有关:下部砾岩层为滨海相砾岩;上部角砾状灰岩由碎屑流产生。所产遗迹化石指示滨海相环境。根据保山地区丁家寨组的颗粒成分、胶结物及地球化学特征,对丁家寨组冷温水成因的观点提出了质疑  相似文献   

东天山觉罗塔格成对金矿带及其形成的构造背景     

谢才富  李华芹  常海亮 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1999,29(3):232-237

通过地质、地球化学及同位素年代学等方法,研究总结了东天山觉罗塔格地区金矿的基本特征和各类型金矿间的相互关系。发现该区的中深成热液金矿（包括韧性剪切带型及岩浆热液型）和浅成热液金矿分带相邻产出;前者受康古尔—黄山缝合线为主体的推覆隆起带控制,后者受推覆带后侧的石英滩—雅满苏同碰撞伸展带（喜马拉雅型伸展带）控制;成矿时代相互对应,都形成于碰撞造山期（２９５～２４４ Ｍａ）。将这样的两个矿带统称为成对金矿带。  相似文献   

我国浅成热液金矿的分类探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘连登  陈国华  吴国学  张克尧  石建基  张进高 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1999,29(3):222-226

陆相浅成热液金矿是个大概念,是数类金矿的统称。目前对其的分类,不适应理论和应用研究的需要。本文主张以成矿地球动力学环境和矿床本质特征为准则,实施浅成热液金矿的分类。对类型的划分努力体现成因类型和工业类型相结合的原则,并充分反映我国的特点。在矿床类型具体命名时,突出成矿时的浅成深度。文中将我国浅成热液金矿分为浅成脉型、浅成斑岩型和浅成矽卡岩型等三大类八个亚类。陆相浅成热液金矿在我国有广阔的找矿前景,而且在地质产状和成矿作用等方面与国外的殊为不同,值得对其作深入的理论与应用研究。  相似文献   

Effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis, with emphasis on carbonate aquifers     

Hans G. Machel 《Hydrogeology Journal》1999,7(1):94-107

 This article provides a critical synopsis of the effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis. Emphasis is placed on those aspects and processes that change porosity and permeability in carbonate aquifers, because they are of particular importance to human societies as sources of supplies of water for human consumption (drinking, irrigation) and of crude oil and natural gas. Diagenetic settings in carbonates as well as clastics are generally ill defined. This paper proposes a new comprehensive classification of diagenetic settings into near-surface, shallow-, intermediate-, and deep-burial diagenetic settings; hydrocarbon-contaminated plumes; and fractures. These settings are defined on the basis of mineralogy, petroleum, hydrogeochemistry, and hydrogeology. This classification is applicable to all sedimentary basins. Diagenesis is governed by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors that include thermodynamic and kinetic constraints, as well as microstructural factors that may override the others. These factors govern diagenetic processes, such as dissolution, compaction, recrystallization, replacement, and sulfate–hydrocarbon redox-reactions. Processes such as cementation, dissolution, and dolomitization require significant flow of groundwater driven by an externally imposed hydraulic gradient. Other processes, such as stylolitization and thermochemical sulfate reduction, commonly take place without significant groundwater flow in hydrologically nearly or completely stagnant systems that are geochemically "closed." Two major effects of groundwater flow on mineral diagenesis are enhancement and reduction of porosity and permeability, although groundwater flow can also leave these rock properties essentially unchanged. In extreme cases, an aquifer or hydrocarbon reservoir rock can have highly enhanced porosity and permeability due to extensive mineral dissolution, or it can be plugged up due to extensive mineral precipitation. Received, April 1998 · Revised, July 1998 · Accepted, September 1998  相似文献   

Lessons learnt from checking the quality of openly accessible river flow data worldwide     

L. Crochemore  K. Isberg  R. Pimentel  L. Pineda  A. Hasan  B. Arheimer 《水文科学杂志》2020,65(5):699-711

ABSTRACT

Advances in open data science serve large-scale model developments and, subsequently, hydroclimate services. Local river flow observations are key in hydrology but data sharing remains limited due to unclear quality, or to political, economic or infrastructure reasons. This paper provides methods for quality checking openly accessible river-flow time series. Availability, outliers, homogeneity and trends were assessed in 21 586 time series from 13 data providers worldwide. We found a decrease in data availability since the 1980s, scarce open information in southern Asia, the Middle East and North and Central Africa, and significant river-flow trends in Africa, Australia, southwest Europe and Southeast Asia. We distinguish numerical outliers from high-flow peaks, and integrate all investigated quality characteristics in a composite indicator. We stress the need to maintain existing gauging networks, and highlight opportunities in extending existing global databases, understanding drivers for trends and inhomogeneity, and in innovative acquisition methods in data-scarce regions.  相似文献